之前我们使用多线程(threading)和多进程(multiprocessing)完成常规的需求,在启动的时候start、jon等步骤不能省,复杂的需要还要用1-2个队列。随着需求越来越复杂,如果没有良好的设计和抽象这部分的功能层次,代码量越多调试的难度就越大。有没有什么好的方法把这些步骤抽象一下呢,让我们不关注这些细节,轻装上阵呢?
答案是:有的。
从Python3.2开始一个叫做concurrent.futures被纳入了标准库,而在Python2它属于第三方的futures库,需要手动安装:
pip install futures
```
这个模块中有2个类:ThreadPoolExecutor和ProcessPoolExecutor,也就是对threading和multiprocessing的进行了高级别的抽象,
暴露出统一的接口,帮助开发者非常方便的实现异步调用:
```python
import time
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor, as_completed
NUMBERS = range(25, 38)
def fib(n):
if n<= 2:
return 1
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
start = time.time()
with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor:
for num, result in zip(NUMBERS, executor.map(fib, NUMBERS)):
print 'fib({}) = {}'.format(num, result)
print 'COST: {}'.format(time.time() - start)
感受下是不是很轻便呢?看一下花费的时间:
python fib_executor.py
fib(25) = 75025
fib(26) = 121393
fib(27) = 196418
fib(28) = 317811
fib(29) = 514229
fib(30) = 832040
fib(31) = 1346269
fib(32) = 2178309
fib(33) = 3524578
fib(34) = 5702887
fib(35) = 9227465
fib(36) = 14930352
fib(37) = 24157817
COST: 10.8920350075
除了用map,另外一个常用的方法是submit。如果你要提交的任务的函数是一样的,就可以简化成map。但是假如提交的任务函数是不一样的,或者执行的过程之可能出现异常(使用map执行过程中发现问题会直接抛出错误)就要用到submit:
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
NUMBERS = range(30, 35)
def fib(n):
if n == 34:
raise Exception("Don't do this")
if n<= 2:
return 1
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor:
future_to_num = {executor.submit(fib, num): num for num in NUMBERS}
for future in as_completed(future_to_num):
num = future_to_num[future]
try:
result = future.result()
except Exception as e:
print 'raise an exception: {}'.format(e)
else:
print 'fib({}) = {}'.format(num, result)
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor:
for num, result in zip(NUMBERS, executor.map(fib, NUMBERS)):
print 'fib({}) = {}'.format(num, result)
执一下:
python fib_executor_with_raise.py
fib(30) = 832040
fib(31) = 1346269
raise an exception: Don't do this
fib(32) = 2178309
fib(33) = 3524578
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "fib_executor_with_raise.py", line 28, in <module>
for num, result in zip(NUMBERS, executor.map(fib, NUMBERS)):
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/concurrent/futures/_base.py", line 580, in map
yield future.result()
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/concurrent/futures/_base.py", line 400, in result
return self.__get_result()
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/concurrent/futures/_base.py", line 359, in __get_result
reraise(self._exception, self._traceback)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/concurrent/futures/_compat.py", line 107, in reraise
exec('raise exc_type, exc_value, traceback', {}, locals_)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/concurrent/futures/thread.py", line 61, in run
result = self.fn(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
File "fib_executor_with_raise.py", line 9, in fib
raise Exception("Don't do this")
Exception: Don't do this
可以看到,第一次捕捉到了异常,但是第二次执行的时候错误直接抛出来了。
上面说到的map,有些同学马上会说,这不是进程(线程)池的效果吗?看起来确实是的:
import time
from multiprocessing.pool import Pool
NUMBERS = range(25, 38)
def fib(n):
if n<= 2:
return 1
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
start = time.time()
pool = Pool(3)
results = pool.map(fib, NUMBERS)
for num, result in zip(NUMBERS, pool.map(fib, NUMBERS)):
print 'fib({}) = {}'.format(num, result)
print 'COST: {}'.format(time.time() - start)
好像代码量更小哟。好吧,看一下花费的时间:
|
|
WhatTF竟然花费了1.7倍的时间。为什么?
BTW,有兴趣的同学可以对比下ThreadPool和ThreadPoolExecutor,由于GIL的缘故,对比的差距一定会更多。
我们就拿ProcessPoolExecutor介绍下它的原理,引用官方代码注释中的流程图:
|======================= In-process =====================|== Out-of-process ==|
+----------+ +----------+ +--------+ +-----------+ +---------+
| | => | Work Ids | => | | => | Call Q | => | |
| | +----------+ | | +-----------+ | |
| | | ... | | | | ... | | |
| | | 6 | | | | 5, call() | | |
| | | 7 | | | | ... | | |
| Process | | ... | | Local | +-----------+ | Process |
| Pool | +----------+ | Worker | | #1..n |
| Executor | | Thread | | |
| | +----------- + | | +-----------+ | |
| | <=> | Work Items | <=> | | <= | Result Q | <= | |
| | +------------+ | | +-----------+ | |
| | | 6: call() | | | | ... | | |
| | | future | | | | 4, result | | |
| | | ... | | | | 3, except | | |
+----------+ +------------+ +--------+ +-----------+ +---------+
我们结合源码和上面的数据流分析一下:
看起来就是一个「生产者/消费者」模型罢了,错了。我们要注意,整个过程并不是多个进程与任务+结果-2个队列直接通信的,而是通过一个中间的「Local worker thread」,它就是让效率提升的重要原因之一!!!
设想,当某一段程序提交了一个请求,期望得到一个答复。但服务程序对这个请求可能很慢,在传统的单线程环境下,调用函数是同步的,也就是说它必须等到服务程序返回结果后,才能进行其他处理。而在Future模式下,调用方式改为异步,而原先等待返回的时间段,在主调用函数中,则可用于处理其他事物。
Future是常见的一种并发设计模式,在多个其他语言中都可以见到这种解决方案。
一个Future对象代表了一些尚未就绪(完成)的结果,在「将来」的某个时间就绪了之后就可以获取到这个结果。比如上面的例子,我们期望并发的执行一些参数不同的fib函数,获取全部的结果。传统模式就是在等待queue.get返回结果,这个是同步模式,而在Future模式下,调用方式改为异步,而原先等待返回的时间段,由于「Local worker thread」的存在,这个时候可以完成其他工作
在tornado中也有对应的实现。2013年的时候,我曾经写过一篇博客使用tornado让你的请求异步非阻塞,最后也提到了用concurrent.futures实现异步非阻塞的完成耗时任务。
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